� Historical Perspectives of Cytogenetics � Chromosomes � Chromosome Preparation: pretreatment, fixation, processing, staining, and mounting � Cell cycle � Microscopes in Biology � Measurement of cells � Mitotic chromosome preparation (a) Bone marrow of mouse (b) Fish chromosome (c) Amphibian chromosome (d) Onion root tip (e) Brain cells of Drosophila � Preparation of special chromosomes (a) Lamp brush chromosomes (b) Polytene chromosomes � Meiotic chromosome preparation (a) Meiosis in grasshopper (b) Meiosis in mouse � Cell culture techniques (a) Lymphocyte culture (b) Preparation of chromosome � Karyotyping and Chromosomal abnormalities � Chromosome banding techniques: C banding, G banding, Q banding, R banding, N banding and T banding � Barr body � Pedigree analysis � Model organism, Drosophila, Mutants, crossing experiments � Reference