A Text Book of Chemical Ecology and EnvironmentBy: A. J. S. Raju
ISBN: 9789348596048 About The Book1 Definition, scope and importance of chemical ecology Introduction Definition Scope of chemical ecology Importance of chemical ecology 2 Primary metabolites Amino acids Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polyols Polyester polyols Polycarbonate polyols Acrylic polyols Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Storage polysaccharides Structural polysaccharides Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Proteins Enzymes Lipids Fatty a30cyls Glycerolipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Saccharolipids Polyketides Sterol lipids Prenol lipids Vitamins Nucleic acids 3 Secondary metabolites Alkaloids True alkaloids Protoalkaloids Peptide and cyclopeptide alkaloids Pseudoalkaloids Classification of alkaloids based on chemical structure Heterocyclic alkaloids Non-heterocyclic alkaloids Important alkaloids Morphine Cocaine Cannabis Caffeine Atropine Nicotine Quinine Ephedrine Ergotamine Mescaline Adrenaline Colchicine Cathine Capsaicine Psychoactive non-alkaloid substances Lysergic acid diethylamide Methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine Terpenoids Acyclic (linear) terpenoids Cyclic terpenoids Monocyclic terpenoids Bicyclic terpenoids Tricyclic terpenoids Tetracyclic terpenoids Pentacyclic terpenoids Macrocyclic terpenoids Phenolics Phenolic acids Flavonoids Tannins Lignin Stilbenes Lignans Phenolic amides Coumarins Xanthones Betalains Glucosinolates Cyanogenic glycosides 4 Semio-chemicals Pheromones Releaser pheromones Signaler pheromones Modulator pheromones Primer pheromones Functions of pheromones Allelochemicals Allomones Kairomones Synomones 5 Air pollution Air pollutants Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur oxides Ammonia Chlorofluorocarbons Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Hydrofluorocarbons Volatile organic compounds Particulate matter Persistent organic pollutants Air pollution control measures 6 Heavy metal pollution – effects on plants and animals – clean-up of heavy metals Heavy metal pollution in plants: positive and negative effects Arsenic Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Aluminum Cadmium Chromium Lead Mercury Heavy metal pollution in animals: positive and negative effects Arsenic Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Aluminum Cadmium Chromium Lead Mercury Clean-up of heavy metal contamination in the environment Chemical precipitation Ion exchange Adsorption Membrane filtration Bioremediation Phyto-remediation Phyto-extraction and phyto-mining Phyto-degradation Phyto-stabilization Phyto-volatilization Rhizo-filtration Microbial-remediation
7 Biogenic volatiles and their role in ecological interactions Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds in plant reproduction Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds in plant defense against biotic stresses Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds in plant defense against abiotic stresses Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere Air pollution effects on biogenic volatiles Ozone Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Particulate matter
8 Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations: Plant-insect herbivore interactions Effects of elevated CO2 levels on plant-beetle herbivory interactions Effects of elevated CO2 levels on plant-bee herbivory interactions Effects of elevated CO2 levels on plant-wasps herbivory interactions Effects of elevated CO2 levels on plant-butterfly herbivory interactions Effects of elevated CO2 levels on plant-moth herbivory interactions C3 plants and insect herbivory interactions C4 plants and insect herbivory interactions Effects of elevated CO2 on trees Effects of elevated CO2 on grasses Effects of elevated CO2 on weeds Overall effects of elevated CO2 on plant-insect herbivore interactions
9 Soil chemical ecology: Allelopathy and allelochemicals Soil chemical ecology Allelopathy Root allelopathy Bark allelopathy Stem allelopathy Leaf allelopathy Pollen allelopathy Allelochemicals
10 Weed chemical ecology Asteraceae family Amaranthaceae family Convolvulaceae family Fabaceae family Poaceae family Polygonaceae family Verbenaceae family Potential for natural herbicides Chemical weed control challenges 11 Chemical defense in organisms of terrestrial and aquatic environments Chemical defense in organisms of terrestrial environments Chemical defense in prokaryotes Chemical defense in fungi Chemical defense in lichens Chemical defense in terrestrial plants Chemical defense in terrestrial animals Chemical defense in organisms of aquatic environments Chemical defense in freshwater organisms Freshwater plants Freshwater bacteria and other microbes Freshwater ciliates Freshwater sponges Freshwater fish Freshwater frogs Chemical defense in marine organisms Marine invertebrates Marine vertebrates 12 Drought impacts on chemical ecology plants Drought definition and its types Drought impacts on chemical ecology of wild plants Drought creating hyper-tropical climate and its impacts on tropical rain forests Role of drought in chemical ecology of agricultural crops 13 Plant-pollinator interactions – Wind pollination and water pollination, biotic or animal pollination: Chemical ecology of beetle pollination, fly pollination and ant pollination Wind pollination (Anemophily) Water pollination (Hydrophily) Biotic or animal pollination (Zoophily) Insect pollination (Entomophily) Chemical ecology of beetle-pollination (Cantharophily) Chemical ecology of fly-pollination (Myophily) Chemical ecology of ant-pollination (Myrmecophily)
14 Chemical ecology of plant-bee interactions and bee-pollination Social bees Chemical ecology of honey bees Chemical ecology of stingless bees Chemical ecology of bumble bees Solitary bees Chemical ecology of carpenter bees Chemical ecology of digger bees Chemical ecology of leaf-cutter bees Chemical ecology of mason bees Chemical ecology of mining bees Chemical ecology of sweat bees Chemical ecology of plant-bee interactions and bee-pollination (melittophily) 15 Chemical ecology of plant-wasp interactions, larval hosts and wasp-pollination Social wasps The Yellow Jackets Hornets Paper wasps Solitary wasps Spider wasps Cuckoo wasps Potter wasps Thread-waisted wasps Digger wasps Velvet ants Tiphiid wasps Scoliid wasps Pollen wasps Wasp-pollination (Specophily) 16 Butterflies – Classification and Chemical ecology of larval host plants, floral resources and pollination Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae Hesperiidae Butterfly-pollination (Psychophily) Chemical communication between butterflies and their larval host plants Plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their importance in butterfly mating and protection against predators 17 Moths – Classification, Chemical ecology of larval host plants, floral resources and pollination Diurnal diel activity pattern of moths Nocturnal diel activity pattern of moths Cathemeral diel activity pattern of moths Crepuscular diel activity pattern of moths Moth-pollination (Phalaenophily) 18 Chemical ecology of plant-thrips interactions and thrips-pollination Suborder: Terebrantia Thripidae Aeolothripidae Melanthripidae Merothripidae Heterothripidae Suborder: Tubulifera Subfamily Idolothripinae Subfamily Phlaeothripinae Thrips-pollination (Thripophily) 19 Chemical ecology of plant-bird interactions and bird-pollination Flower-visiting birds Bird-pollination (Ornithophily) Chemical communication between birds and flowering plants Chemical communication between birds and their nest material selection Air pollution impacts on urban birds Plastic pollution on urban birds
20 Chemical ecology of plant-bat interactions and bat-pollination Yinpterochiroptera Yangochiroptera Chemical communication in bats Chemical communication between flower-feeding bats and floral rewards Bat-pollination (Chiropterophily) Chemical communication between fruit-eating bats and their food sources Chemical communication between bats and their insect and carnivorous plant food sources Chemical communication between blood-feeding bats and blood sources Impacts of pollution on chemical communication between bats and their food sources
21 Chemical ecology of floral rewards, microbial contamination, pollinators and air pollution impacts on microbes of floral rewards Chemical ecology of nectar fungi Chemical ecology of nectar bacteria Chemical ecology of pollen fungi Chemical ecology of pollen bacteria Chemical ecology of pollinator fungi and bacteria and nectar contamination Air pollution impacts on nectar and pollen microbes
22 Chemical ecology of fruit and seed defense Chemical ecology of fruit defense Chemical ecology of seed defense Artificial fruit ripening and human health
23 Phytoliths as chemical defenses in vascular plants Phytoliths Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhyOC) Calciphytoliths Cystoliths
24 Volatile trees, air pollution and air quality Emissions of volatile organic compounds from trees Emissions of volatile organic compounds from trees versus air pollution and air quality Emission rates of volatile organic compounds by trees in tropical and temperate regions Seasonal influence on emission rates of volatile organic compounds by trees Role of volatile organic compounds in intra-specific chemical communication of trees Emissions of volatile organic compounds from trees and urban environment Impacts of volatile organic compounds from trees on human health Negative health impacts Positive health impacts Role of tree bark microbes in air quality
25 Global climate change, plant-insect interactions, insect pests and crop production Global climate change Global climate change effects on plant-insect interactions and insect pests Global climate change impacts on temperate plants Global climate change impacts on tropical plants Global climate change impacts on plant- insect/pest interactions About AuthorChemical ecology is increasingly recognized as a vital, mature, and rapidly growing scientific field that investigates how chemical mediate interactions between organisms and their environment. Once focused primarily on plant-insect interactions, this field now spans all life forms and ecosystems, bridging fundamental research with sustainable practical applications, particularly biodiversity preservation, pest management and mitigating the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic pollution. Further, this field is actively expanding into new areas like micro-biomes and climate change mediated interactions between plants and animals. Keeping the importance of chemical ecology as the language of life in view, the author has produced this text with a consilient perspective to refocus attention at the exciting interfaces and endless interactions, both positive and negative, among diverse plants and animals in nature. This text is presented not just as a special subject but as the foundational chemistry mediating ecosystem structure, biodiversity, and evolution. It demonstrates that chemical ecology is not just a study of molecules but a critical multi-disciplinary approach to understanding life on Earth. The text begins with the definition, scope and importance of chemical ecology. Then, it sequentially introduces the subject detailing the primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, semio-chemicals, air pollution, heavy metal pollution (effects on plants and animals – clean-up of heavy metals), biogenic volatiles and their role in ecological interactions, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and their impacts on plant-insect herbivore interactions, soil chemical ecology (allelopathy and allelochemicals), weed chemical ecology, chemical defense in organisms of terrestrial and aquatic environments, drought impacts on chemical ecology of plants, chemical ecology of plant-pollinator interactions and larval host plants of wasps, butterflies and moths, floral rewards, microbial contamination, air pollution impacts on microbes of floral rewards, and fruit and seed defense, phytoliths as chemical defenses in vascular plants, volatile trees, air pollution and air quality, global climate change, plant-insect interactions, insect pests and crop production, effects of climate extreme conditions on plant chemical composition, micro-plastics and their effects on plant growth, plant community, litter decomposition and soil microbial community, chemical ecology of urban airborne bio-pollution and forensic chemical ecology. Lastly, the text presents the importance of remote sensing and geographical information systems in chemical ecology. The text is written based on all pertinent references and includes 91 figures. |
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